The Power of Poetic Discourse

Poetry serves as a potent tool in providing insight, as it expresses universal themes and universal sentiments that enlightens readers. The poem of Countee Cullen entitled, â€Å"Yet Do I Marvel,† is one such piece of literature. In the first reading, the first eight lines of the poem, the octave, seems to illustrate examples of injustices. Cullen begins the poem by establishing that he does not doubt the goodness, the kindness, of God; but he questions the acts of God.Acts which seem to be incredulous, like creating the mole to be blind and yet making the creature toil and work without sight; making humans appear like him, but making them mortal; and handing down cruel punishments, as in the cases of Tantalus and Sisyphus, Greek mythological figures who suffer cruel punishments. Upon examination of the verses, however, the reader understands that these examples are not illustrations of injustice; they are instead illustrations that God is wise enough to render entities and ev ents in their current state.It is only right for the mole to be blind, because his natural task is to burrow hole underground, where sight is not necessary. It is only right for human beings to be mortal, because the soul is more important than the flesh, and without death, spiritual fulfillment could not be realized. It is only right for Tantalus to suffer hunger and thirst because his immoral act of stealing the food of the Gods, and presenting his son as a food offering was a terrible crime. It is only right for Sisyphus to work on a never-ending task because he was overly ambitious and vain to aim for eternal life.Following this insight, the reader is led to the thought that the last six lines, the sestet, offer the resolution that it is only right for a poet to be black and for God to, â€Å"bid him sing† (line 14, Cullen) because it is only appropriate for a black poet to express and articulate his hopes, his dreams and his sentiments about his people and about his race . Cullen clearly emphasizes the power of poetic discourse in this poem, a power he wielded during his time as an important Harlem Renaissance figure. Poetic Discourse Page 03 References (Please cite your source)

Marketing and Mini Cooper Essay

Abstract My paper will be about how the MINI cooper has been worked on to continue to be reliable to the old customers and new customers. It has been around since the 1950’s and it looks like it will continue to be around. My paper will hit up information about explicit and implicit brand of communication for the MINI cooper. Levi’s positioning 1. How has BMW achieved continuity of brand message without alienating existing customers and encouraging new Mini purchasers? The Mini cooper is a very historical car. The original mini was designed in 1959 by Sir Alec Issagonis. Two years later the Mini took on a more racing and sporty model called the Mini Cooper, named after the racing expert John Cooper. Minis are known to be a smaller, sportier car with maximum interior space for the driver and passengers. In 2001, BMW managed to bring back the retro image of the Mini, while at the same time making it modernized, affordable and safe. The Mini continues to appeal to the younger audience and also the older audience. The company tries to retain an emotional association towards the product. With German engineering and British character, there was now a more European character to the new Mini. That is how is keeping its old customers. 2. What elements of the marketing communications mix have been used to build and/or maintain the Mini brand narrative? According to the book, the marketing communications mix is a subset of the marketing mix, both being the tools which deliver respectively communications and marketing strategies. It provides a mix of communication methods that blend to achieve a message. The marketing communication mix that have been used to build and maintain the Mini brand narrative has been using publicity stunts, advertisement all over the London and also using online communication. There have been many online advertisements that are created to catch attention and encourage website visitors. Use of press and outdoor billboards and posters has installed a since of excitement about the brand. 3. List the ‘explicit’ and ‘implicit’ elements of communication illustrated by the ‘It’s a Mini Adventure’ campaign. The explicit elements of communication illustrated by the â€Å"It’s a Mini Adventure’ campaign is featuring in the product in a music video. There had been many publicity stunts demonstrating spacious feature of the MINI. The implicit elements are illustrated in a serious of MINIs packaged as if they were toys viewed in shopping malls. It ensured high impact and generating a tremendous amount of consumer interest and word of mouth amongst potential buyers. References Dahlen M, Lange F, Smith T. (2010). Marketing Communications A Brand Narrative Approach. The marketing communication mix, (275-277)

Bioavailability And Bioequivalence Studies

Bioavailability And Bioequivalence Studies Each year so many drugs loss their patent protection and opens the door for the generic alternatives. In this way Bioavailability and Bioequivalence studies becomes most important. Bioavailability is defined as â€Å"The rate and extent to which the active moiety is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of action.† Bioavailability can be generally documented by a systematic exposure profile obtained by measuring drug and/metabolite concentration in the systemic circulation over a particular time period. Scope of Bioavailability studies: Development of new formulations of the already existing drugs. Determination of effect of excipients, patient related factors and possible drug To ensure the of quality of a drug product during the early stages of marketing in order to determine the influence of manufacturing factors, storage and stability factors on drug absorption. The systemic exposure profile of drug or metabolite obtained by measuring concentratio n in the systemic circulation over a particular time period during clinical trials in the early stages of drug development can serve as a benchmark for subsequent bioequivalence studies. Bioequivalence is a relative term which shows the absence of a significant difference in the rate and extent to which the active ingredient becomes available at the site of drug action when two or more identical dosage forms administered at the same molar dose under similar conditions. Bioequivalence mainly focus release of drug substances from its dosage forms and subsequent absorption into the systemic circulation i.e. test dose plasma concentration-time will be identical with reference dose plasma concentration-time without showing any significant statistical differences ,then test dosage form will consider as therapeutically equivalent to the reference dosage form . Scope of Bioequivalence studies: To establish relativity between different formulations used during the development of a new produc t. The therapeutic equivalence of a generic product and the reference product can be demonstrated. Development of a modified release form of a product which has already approved as an immediate release formulation. Development of alternative salt form for pharmaceutically equivalent drugs. Bioequivalence studies are designed to establish equivalence between the test and reference products. If test and reference products are found to be bioequivalent,by this one can expect that the test product will also be therapeutically effective. Bioanalytical method validation includes all of the procedures that demonstrate that a particular method used for quantitative measurement of analytes in a given biological matrix, such as blood, plasma, serum or urine is reliable and reproducible for the intended use. Bioanalytical method validation parameters: Accuracy Precision Selectivity Sensitivity Reproducibility Stability Validation documentation is done, by using specific laboratory investigatio ns ,which ensures that the performance characteristics of the method is suitable for the intended analytical use. The analytical method is applicable only when the validation parameters are in acceptable range. Types of validation: A. Full Validation Developing and implementing a bioanalytical method for the first time. Full validation is required for a new drug entity. If metabolites are added to an existing assay for quantification full validation is required. B. Partial Validation:

Walt Dysney Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Walt Dysney - Case Study Example The three key elements of such a technology project plan are described below; a. Databases: Detailed information about the existing customers, prospective customers, types of services available, customer orders, other inventory items etc. forms a crucial component of the database. The information, thus generated, can be used to track the periodicity of the customer/s in using the services of the company, tracking of orders, customer preferences etc. Such information can subsequently be used to improve the services of the company. b. Programming: After the company has set up the requisite databases, there's a need to integrate the different database items into one common entity to make the online experience a wholesome e-commerce activity. This can be achieved when there is built-in programming and software coding to assist the database integration and providing a useful user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI). The GUI can be of different types for different segment of customers. The programming also facilitates creation of the order/s, invoice generation, accepting the payment and communicating the shipping details. The programming must make the e-commerce website easy to handle even for a non-technical user. Programming tools like visual basic, java, html, C++ etc. are the most popular one's for creating a user friendly interface. c. Networks: For providing a reliable communication networks function as the backbone. In today's era of Information Technology the world is increasingly becoming networked, technical, and closer to each other. Communication networks are generally defined based on their size and complexity. In general the three main types of networks are Local Area Networks (LAN), Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) and Wide Area Networks (WAN). Networks not only help the company in information/ data sharing, but it also helps in improving efficiency and reducing costs. When the databases are interconnected though internet or any other type of networking, it also helps in reducing data redundancy and simplification of error handling mechanism. The company can opt for an appropriate network depending upon the type of requirements. Intranets will be used by the company people to update the information for the general user. For example to connection all adjoining database centres within premises the compan y can set up a LAN; to connect two or more company offices within the city the company can set up a MAN while for connecting such data centres located across the countries or regions, it can set up a WAN. Internet will of course be the interface for the user and company officials on the move. Networks will therefore be extremely useful to manage customer orders and inventory. In addition to the above mentioned elements the technology implementation plan requires use of some more assisting technologies so that the new technological solution does not adversely affect any individual/ party concerned with the company. i. Use Cases in System Analysis and Design: Henney (2007) states that, "A 'use case' represents a case of use of a system, ideally one that captures a functional requirement in terms of an identifiable and testable goal." Therefore Disney

US foreign policy towards Saddam Husseins Essay

US foreign policy towards Saddam Husseins - Essay Example One of the most controversial subjects in the world politics is the invasion of Iraq by United States. The invasion has resulted in considerable losses to both the countries and in fact has resulted in almost complete destruction of Iraq. This is necessary to understand the genuineness of the policies of United States. The present essay is intended to analyze the policies of US for Iraq, which finally resulted in the Invasion. The consequences of the war also would be analyzed based on these policies for interpreting the invasion based on these policies.Under these circumstances it would be ideal to analyze the relations United States had with Iraq before the invasion throughout the history of Iraq.The policy of United States over Persian Gulf is centered on the oil reserves. They also wanted to protect Israel and never had any close relations with Iraq (History of Iraq: Part III US-Iraq Relations, 2003). They always viewed Iraq with a hostile eye. During the Iran-Iraq war US sided I raq not because they had any interest in Iraq, but they were afraid of the Iranian revolution. Thus it could be seen that relation of US with Iraq was never a smooth one.As the economy of US progressed in great pace after the World War II, oil became their priority and wanted to strengthen relations with Middle East so as to protect the oil reserves. For this purpose they maintained a good relation with Iraq and even declared that the interest of Iraq is the same as that of US (Battle, 2003). But during 1950's as Iraq became friendly with Soviets, US turned against Iraq. US had good relations with other countries in Middle East like Saudi Arabia and Iran until the Iranian revolution also called Islamic revolution. This revolution by Muslims frightened US and therefore in the war that followed between Iran and Iraq, US stood with Iraq purely because they felt that Islamic revolution could pose a big danger for them. Although there were against the brutal tactics of Saddam Hussein, they did not have a choice (Background and history on Iraq, 2009). From the above facts it could be assumed that the relation that US has with Iraq was just an opportunistic one intended to get the provision of oil and they never had any common interest. Iraq started production and use of chemical weapons from early 1980's. United States was quite aware of this situation and they had even supplied raw materials for the production of the same secretly. Although almost all of the equipments, which Iraq used against Iran, were US made and were secretly shipped to Iraq by US, this fact is still regarded as a secret. Thus US played a game with Iraq by supporting it to make chemical weapons and then suddenly changed strategies against Iraq blaming them in front of the world, for production of the same weapons (Battle, 2003). This might be the reason why they were quite sure that there were chemical weapons in Iraq even when the inspectors from UN denied this fact (Background and history on Iraq, 2009). September 11 attack fuelled rivalry of US to Iraq. With this event US wanted to destruct all the forces that might poise danger for them, especially the strongest among the Muslim countries, Iraq. Several reasons had been proposed by US for its Iraq Invasion. The most important one is that US believed that Saddam, the arrogant President of Iraq, had great storage of Weapons for Mass Destruction (WMD). On their request United Nations appointed chemical weapon inspectors and Iraq co-operated with them resulting in destruction of all the weapons they had. The continued inspection by UN was denied by Iraq. But UN inspectors had already destroyed those weapons to almost nil (Background and history on Iraq, 2009). US could have believed the results of the inspection by US. But they denied believing because they wanted to destroy that country. Another reason proposed by US was that Iraq was hosting suicide bombers of Al Queida and was encouraging terrorism. But they did not have

Team communication in Ford and Toyota companies Case Study

Team communication in Ford and Toyota companies - Case Study Example Organizational climate and morale means good relations and positive atmosphere which supports workers. Thus critics admit that morale "has suffered in Ford for a long time" (Ettlie, 2002). The company tried to improve morale creating new culture and rules but was not successful in its efforts. Many project teams in Ford have excellent problem solving skills and communication. Many employees follow Henry Ford's statement: "Don't find fault. Find a remedy" (Ettlie 2002). Team members use participative and enthusiastic approach to solve current problems and finding new innovative solutions (www.ford.com). Organizational coaching is not just a single conversation or a scheduled meeting that is part of the performance-management process. It is a commitment that requires the coach to establish. The uniqueness of approach implemented by Ford is coaching for competencies. The coaching relationship has the potential for deepening an individual's understanding of his influence on the organizat ion and for strengthening the personal commitment to achieving that organization's goals and outcomes. Developed by Henry Ford, the company has 'lean enterprise system'. Further this system was adopted by Toyota (www.ford.com; Lothans, 2006). B. For Ford Company, team morale and climate become the main problem.

Critical Analysis of Current Management or Leadership Book Research Paper

Critical Analysis of Current Management or Leadership Book - Research Paper Example It imparts into the managers the skills that are vital for present management as well as in the future. Managers are informed on better strategies that are necessary for solving problems. The new strategies were previously hidden from them. The theoretical proposals of the book when applied in management can help enhance the performance of various organizations. The first part of the book talks about business performance. Drucker says although there is no known genuine business theory and no integrated business strategy is in existence, people know about business and its key functions (Peter, 1999). In deed no standard management strategy exists. The practical implication of this fact is for the managers to design the strategy that will most suit the needs of their organizations. Different organizations have different management strategies and this explains the diversity in the performances of organizations. This fact coincides with what happens in reality. Managers should set balanc ed objectives in the key areas of production in line with the current prevailing factors and those of the future. Owing to the fact that businesses have certain set goals, the managers must lay down clear strategies that will help steer their business to achieving those goals. Applying the strategies proposed in the book puts the managers at a better position to improve their organizations. They must learn how to mobilize the necessary resources required in realizing the objectives of their businesses. When strategizing, managers should also put into consideration how the decisions will impact on the performance of the business in the future. When fully adhered to, the business performance proposals can be of great help in management of organizations. The book talks about dimensions of management. Organizations, both business enterprises and public institutions exist for a purpose. There are three major roles of management in an organization. The managers must ensure that these role s of management are achieved. The first role is to think through and define the specific reason for existence and mission of the institution, whether hospital, business enterprise or university. If the organization is a business enterprise, its reason for existence would be to make profit and expand its scale of operation. The second purpose is to ensure productivity and the employees achieving. The last role is to manage social impacts and responsibilities. Todays organizations’ success is based on these three pillars. Managers should know the purpose of an organization. Once they are fully in terms with the mission and purpose of an organization, they can set policies and strategies that can enhance the productivity and efficiency that aim at achieving the set goals. The strategies formulated should conform to the objectives to be achieved. Time dimension, as proposed in the book, affects management of businesses and institutions. This coincides with the real situation in m ost organizations today. In making decisions, managers should put into considerations the time factor. For a productive organization, every decision made and objectives set must be time bound. The managers must live at present and also in the future. The future goals of an organization can only be achieved from the present as they represent the continuity of the organization. Management of various organization when planning include the future in the decision

War is not necessary (con war) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

War is not necessary (con war) - Research Paper Example In this research paper, several different wars will be examined. The causes and effects will be examined as well as the overall cons associated with war. Wars happen in many different areas of the world. Wars ruin lives of almost everyone whom is involved. The tragedy and deaths of war is followed throughout history and brings many modern day struggles to different cultures and ethnic groups. It is important to see war for its negative affects in order to express how war is not necessary to solve problems. King Phillips War took place between 1675 and 1676. The war was between the New England colonies and several different Indian tribes. This war was the result of power and territory. The New England Colonists wanted what the Native American Indians had. The Colonist saw that the Native Americans were blessed with land that provided abundant resources and room for expansion. The Native Americans protected these resources as the New England Colonist sought to build and destroy the land. The reason for this war could have been prevented and was not necessary. The New England Colonist could have negotiated with the Native Americans and worked something out with the land instead of, â€Å"forcing them into Christianity† (Watras 2008), and forcing the Native Americans out. Since no negotiation was used this resulted in many deaths and loss of land. The King Williams war took place between 1689 – 1687. This war lasted for several years and was fought between the English Colonies and France. The war is also known as the War of the Grand Alliance. The purpose of this war was not necessary as many lives were lost. If the treaty was signed in the beginning the loss of lives could have been avoided. After the end of this nine year war, a treaty was signed. This treaty was known as the Treaty of Ryswick. â€Å"This treaty lasted for five years and led to another war known as the Queen Anne’s War† (Miquelon

Housing Policy and Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Housing Policy and Strategy - Essay Example How do agenda become policies The two terms, which are often confused, need to be clarified. These are the agenda setting and problem definition. Agenda setting is bringing issues to active consideration by the government (Cobb and Ross 1997 as cited in Dery 2000 ) while problem definition is what issues are selected for agenda setting (Rochefort and Cobb, 1994 as cited in Dery 2000). Weiss (1989 as cited in Dery 2000) clarifies this hazy boundary between agenda setting and problem definition by stating that problem is defined as how people perceive a circumstance while agenda setting is process by which some problems come to public attention at a given time and place. In the past the policies were based on a general approach. During the past two decades , however, policies are outcome of creative inputs from local authorities, housing associations and lenders. The government is also required to play role in supporting and sustaining rather than directing and controlling. The implementers in UK judge an idea on pilot scale prior to changing it into a policy. (Williams & Holmans 1997). The UK policy making has undergone further change. The evidence based policy has taken over, to some extent, the earlier opinion based policymaking. Now the hard data, thoroughly analysed on statistical and economic scales, are central to a policy (Defra 2008). The development of a policy can be explained by technocratic or political model (Majone 1989). In the former, the policy develops or changes as per the preferences (or opinion) of policy makers . In the political model, the agenda setting occurs when the public support is gained for an issue. (Cobb & Elder, 1983; Kingdon, 1984; Baumgartner & Jones, 1993 as cited in Dery 2000). Several ideas generated by policy analysts, researchers, and others have become trends as these have been integrated into thinking and policy making (Basolo 2003). Evaluation of a policy brings necessary changes, if required. For e.g. many public housing developments, especially in cities, were originally designed and built to accommodate large numbers of households. The problems to residents in such houses brought attention to the design of public housing developments. It was also realised that the return of policy responsibilities to state and local governments from the central government would offer more suitable policy framing to the local needs.The ill effects of the concentration of poverty developed as observed by public officials and policy scholars. The minorities and poor were shifted to white areas. It is an example where significant amount of public policy attention is aimed at reducing the concentration of poverty (Goetz, 2000 as cited in Basolo 2003). Beland (2005) refers (Lieberman 2002) that while framing or changing a policy equal importance to ideas and institutions should be given. He thinks ideas are 'roadmap' to framing a policy. The pioneer in agenda setting study, Kingdon (1995) states that agenda could be defined as the most aggravated problem of the moment and alternative as policy options capable of solving it. He further elaborates that agenda and policy options arise by the interaction of three elements viz. Problem, policy and politics. The social groups and politicians to mobilize system in favour of a specific issue use these three elements. The

Key historical and political trends in nursing research Essay

Key historical and political trends in nursing research - Essay Example Nursing research is not separate from nursing practice, it is a process that is interconnected with, is influenced by and influences other nursing components. These are philosophy, knowledge, science, theory, research, abstract thought processes, and nursing practice. (Burns et al, 2003). Nursing Theory links nursing knowledge to research and nursing practice. Dennis (1997) defines nursing theory as "a set of concepts and propositions derived from philosophical beliefs about the phenomena of interest to the discipline; relationships between concepts and propositions of a nursing theory purport to describe and explain characteristic phenomena of interest to nursing". (Dennis,1997 p.2). Nursing history is laced with nurses who have developed theories to explain nursing. Florence Nightingale is considered the first theorist and nurse researcher. Her principles of pure air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness, light, proper nutrition, and rest were necessary elements to prevent spread of disease and maintain good health. Her precepts formed the basis of education for nurses during this time period. The 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970 saw the emergence of nurse researchers who sought to answer the questions pertaining to the role of the nurse and patient - nurse interaction. During this period, nurses developed nursing theories derived from the fields of sociology, and education. (Kukkala and Munnukka, 1994). Prominent figures were Hildegarde Peplau, who was concerned about developing interpersonal interaction between patient and nurse. Virginia Henderson focused on assisting the patient to gain independence. Faye Abdellah concentrated on delivering holistic nursing care Dorothea Orem focused on assisting the patient to attain self-care. These women set the path for the knowledge and theoretical base of the nursing profession. The National Center for Nursing Research, established in

Three Paintings of the Baroque Period Essay Example for Free

Three Paintings of the Baroque Period Essay Three works of art—particularly painting—that was produced during the Baroque period of the 17th century, includes the painting of Alonso Cano (1652) entitled ‘The Dead Christ Supported by an Angel’; the work of art produced by Francisco de Zurbaran (1660) entitled ‘The Painter Before Christ Crucified’; as well as the painting done by Juan de Valdà ©s Leal (1661) entitled ‘Christ Bearing the Cross’.   The way they portrayed the suffering of Christ has something to do with their philosophy, as well as the nature of their environment. Main Body   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first painting done by Alonso Cano (1652) entitled ‘The Dead Christ Supported by an Angel’ portrays the spirit of Christ after His death on the Mount of Calvary.   This painting shows the spirit of Christ, sitting on a rock with his face down and an angel standing and supporting His shoulders.   The color of the sky tells that it is sunrise, and mountains are being shown with a road and a bush that are illuminated by the light.    On the ground, at the right side of His feet, is a basin of water, where light is also being reflected.   Expressing the Baroque style, this painting uses emotion as well as ambiguity, as Cano (1652) uses subtle and rounded forms, with harmonious colors that can also be described as subtle.   It uses ‘Tenebrism’, with dark colors and tones, and shades that can be described as obscure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second painting done by Francisco de Zurbaran (1660) entitled ‘The Painter Before Christ Crucified’ shows a painter who is standing right in front of the cross, looking upward, with an idealizing expression, at the face of Christ.   His right hand is on the middle front of his chest, and his left hand holds some kind of a red rose that is partly subdued in darkness.   With the black background, there is plainness, grace, as well as mystery in the way Zurbaran (1660) portrayed the two beings.    There is intensity and naturalism in the colors and shades that were used.   Although the picture appears to be realistic in form with a bit of parallelism in the lines and shapes, the two bodies glow in the dark, without much precision on where the light comes from.   The art uses Tenebrism, using dark shades and tones, and with obscure implications that form an emotional sense of a drama.   It shows both the excellence and imperfection of the human sight (Web Gallery of Art, n.d.).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lastly, the painting entitled ‘Christ Bearing the Cross’ done by Juan de Valdà ©s Leal (1661) portrays Christ while carrying His cross.   With a dramatic representation of the event, a muscular man at His left whips Him down, while at the right side behind Him are the weeping women of Jerusalem.   In front of Him, at His left side, is a high priest standing and with an expression that is solemn and contented. At the back are two soldiers, rocks, and a tree—with a background that is dark, obscure, and gloomy.   The style is Baroque, as it uses dark colors, shades, and tones, with an obscure implication and a sense of drama attached to the painting.   However, it can also be an earlier representation of ‘Romanticism’ (Web Gallery of Art, n.d.), as it uses dynamic and impetuous forms, colors, and shades, with a touch of violence, energy, and the use of the asymmetry.     Colors used are dark and morose.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To define the painters’ form of art is to define the trends and their philosophies of art.   During the time of Cano (1652), his life in Andalusia, Spain brought him to the religious, Christian culture, where beliefs in Christ and the Bible made him express love and beauty by using shades and colors that dwell in harmony.   He expressed the suffering Christ in a scene that has already finished the tragic part of the death and the suffering. He dwelt more on the beauty of Christ by using smoother colors and forms, and a tranquil shade of light.   His expression of the need for harmony, smooth blending, beauty, and a naturalistic effect may have been due to the event that Andalusia was experiencing some migratory trends from the Muslim (Andalusian people, n.d.).   Having been witnessed personally how Muslims were forcibly expelled from their homeland, he rather focused on the serenity after the death and crucifixion of Christ†¦ especially that Christ Himself was expelled by His own people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As for Zurbaran (1660), he lived in Estremadura, Portugal, and learned to portray effects that are natural, austere, with certain simplicity and a grace that clearly revealed his emotions.   The purity that is shown in his paintings may have been a personal longing for peace and harmony especially that, at the time the painting was done, The Battle of the Lines was occurring between Spain and Portugal (Battle of the lines of Elvas, n.d.)   As seen in the painting, Zurabaran (1660) is seen to be alone with Christ.   The whole scene is covered in black†¦ probably to cover all evil and violence that were taking place within the area.   As he was experiencing an inner crisis (Web Gallery of Art, n.d.), which internally made him wish for a miracle and a blessing, he focused, rather, on Christ as the sole savior of the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lastly, when it comes to Valdà ©as Leal (1661), his being Spanish at a time when his country was becoming less and less powerful made way for expressions of pessimism, boldness, and vigor that made his painting dark, violent, and morose.   That time of Spain was full of wars, difficulties, and crisis; yet it was only the beginning of Spain’s exertion.   As a result, Valdà ©as Leal (1661) depicted the suffering of Christ at a time when His suffering is just starting to get worse†¦ and the cross is becoming heavier with each step.   Colors portray dark and gloomy shades and patterns that restate wars, conflicts, and violence of the age.   The weeping women in the painting show the middle class, who were usually the sufferers of the community.   The high priest, on the other hand, portrays the Church that did not really experience much of the difficulties.   Obscurity may be the effect of a confused emotion. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The portrayal of a painting has something to do with both the philosophy of the artist and the nature of the surrounding environment.   Despite the similarity of the theme, each painter has his or her own way of expressing the subject.   Based on what the painter would want to focus on, or how he or she would want to portray the event or emotion, philosophy and environment reflect the finished product that is solely unique, majestic, and from within. References Andalusian people.   Retrieved March 10, 2008, from the Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia database: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_people. Battle of the lines of Elvas.   (n.d.).   Retrieved March 10, 2008, from the Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia database: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lines_of_Elvas. Web Gallery of Art.   (n.d.).   Baroque painting: the golden age.   Retrieved March 10, 2008, from its official database: http://www.wga.hu/tours/spain/p_17.html.

The Purple Rose of Cairo Essay Example for Free

The Purple Rose of Cairo Essay Film has captured and enchanted audiences since its origination with the Lumiere Brothers; and, as it developed, it began to be used to convey messages and ideas. Film started to become a creative outlet that then turned to a catalyst of philosophical thought. Film theorist Sergei Einstein expressed that film â€Å"as a work of art, understood dynamically, is just the process of arranging images in the feelings and mind of the spectator†. Thus, directors began to realize that audience manipulation was possible through the images and sounds they delivered, as well as through the way these images and sounds were presented it all has an effect of how viewers thought of and interpreted the films. This is especially clear in the German film, Triumph of Will, directed by Leni Reifenstahl. While the film is brilliantly made, with moving cameras, the utilization of long focus lenses, aerial photography, and a revolutionary approach to musical accompaniment, the film was also incredibly propagandistic and manipulative at the time of it’s release. The entire film is a vehicle to promote the ideologies of Hitler; beginning with Germany’s near-destruction in World War I and depicting Hitler as a messiah, descending from the skies to greet his vehement followers. In the opening minutes of the film, there are close-up and over-the-shoulder shots of Hitler, making him seem rather personable, adored, and somewhat noble. There are also shots of children approaching him, showing that the ideas of innocence and purity are to be seen as parallel to the views and goals Hitler himself. Aesthetically, the entire film is superbly done, and politically its manipulative powers are astonishing. By showing Germany as unified under the divine rule of Hitler, it brought the nation together and created one of the most destructive and powerful nations in the 1940s. While film can be used as propaganda, like in Nazi Germany, it can also be used to provoke thought, rather than control it, manipulate it, or deceive it. In Woody Allen’s film The Purple Rose of Cairo, the audience is pushed to move beyond the appearance of things and consider other worlds, other perspectives. For the heroine, Cecilia, film is an escape and an impossible inspiration. According to the fictitious movie (The Purple Rose of Cairo), the purple rose itself is supposed to grow in a pharaoh’s tomb the expression of a perfect love. However, no flower can grow without light making it an impossible inspiration. According to Plato, and to partially to Allen, our relationship with truth is rather grim. When we attend movies we are much like Plato’s captives, chained facing a cave wall, only seeing a world of shadows our reality is suspended. But another point is made; although we can be deceived by shadows, we are also capable of understanding and questioning anything, shadows included. Yes, film is an escape from reality and the idea of being able to truly escape a somewhat horrid life is unimaginably wonderful, but thats just it it is an idea. Change has to be brought on by oneself, not an unreliable outside source, and perfection is an illusion. I as a viewer absolutely love how Allen presents these ideologies in The Purple Rose of Cairo. He gives it an unconventional point of view, setting up a series of contrasts between perfection and imperfection, reality and illusion, loving someone and being in love with someone, that forces us to think about film as well as the actual content of the film. And this all ties back to Plato’s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave†; our life is veiled and we must aspire to leave and become less dependent on the shadow world. What is interesting is that, in the film, Allen makes the audience unsure of which world is the shadow world and which is the illusion. The perfect world becomes the film world and the false one is the desired reality. As entertainment, the film is great a nonsensical romantic comedy with a less-than-happy ending; but philosophically it goes much deeper than that, provoking audiences to think about reality and the importance of imperfection. While on the subject of imperfection, a third film demands some attention. Alejandro Amenabar’s The Sea Inside presents a whole new perspective on what perfection in life is. Many people see suicide as a selfish act removing yourself from the lives of your loved ones far earlier than they would have liked. However, the question of who is more selfish is posed. Is it the people who remove themselves when they feel no more connection to life; or the people who expect those who want to leave to stay, regardless of their misery or feelings of lacking true connection to the vibrancy of life? Thus are the questions presented to audiences upon viewing this film. In my mind, everyone should have the freedom to choose the life they want to live, or not live; and to choose what meaning they take out of said life. In Clendine’s â€Å"The Good Short Life†, it is said that we speak of living life, but never of death. That â€Å"we act as if facing death weren’t one of life’s greatest, most absorbing thrills and challenges† and that being incoherent and immobile until one only sees friends and family as â€Å"a passing cloud†. Both Clendine and Ramon didn’t want to put their loved ones through that, and taking one’s life seemed to be the best solution. Both were â€Å"vital to the end, and knew when to leave†. In my opinion, if someone has legitimate, justifiable reasons to want to leave this earth (such as a degenerative disease), that they have a right to do so. And if they cannot on their own accord due to that degenerative disease, I think that others (physicians, family members, friends) should be legally permitted to assist them. They shouldn’t be obligated to assist, but if they give consent and are willing to aid, I think they should be permitted. Mark from Breathing Lessons and Ramon were also similar on a few levels, but Mark had more hope and determination to live with dignity. Unlike Ramon who saw his life as undignified, Mark viewed it more as excessively challenging. Mark still desired life though considered suicide, but â€Å"chickened out† showing that he did truly still want to live. Ramon, however, was lost in his melancholy and nostalgia for the past, choosing to disregard the possibilities the future could bring. I think that it is a personal choice and that each individual should be given the liberty of making that choice. The phrase â€Å"dying with dignity† always reminds me of greek mythology when humiliated warriors would throw themselves on their swords for an honorable death, rather than live life in humility. I think Ramon saw his life as more humiliating and therefore wanted to throw himself on his sword, so to speak. With this, I think that the US should have a â€Å"death with dignity† law. Everyone has a right to life, as well as a right to death. Film is one of the most influential and powerful media. It’s capabilities to provoke, cultivate, and manipulate audience thought is incredible and worth studying. The innovations that film itself has gone through the amount of genres it contains, special effects, and advancements in sound all contribute to film as a whole, and all contribute to the beauty of how film is created and suspends the reality of viewers if only for an hour or two.

Types of Mitochondrial Diseases

Types of Mitochondrial Diseases Abstract: Mitochondrion is the primary site of energy and ATP generation so it is called â€Å"power house† of the cell. Mitochondria are composed of two different types of membranes like an outer membrane, an inner membrane and a protein-rich matrix. Protein kinases can localize to specific cytoplasmic sub compartments and mediates many important processes like cell motility and many signaling events. The mitochondrion is a point of integration for these signaling cascades due to its role in cellular metabolism, redox processes, and cell survival-death. PI3K/Akt/Protein Kinase B(PKB) ,Protein kinase C(PKC),Raf-MEK-ERK,JNK/SAPK and p38 MAPK, Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1),Glycogen synthase kinase 3ÃŽ ² (GSK-3ÃŽ ²),Protein kinase A (PKA),PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) are associated with mitochondria and modulate mitochondrial activity and the release of mitochondrial products affects mitochondrial respiratory chain, transport, fission-fusion events, calcium turnover, reactiv e oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial autophagy and apoptotic cell death. Mitochondrial diseases are due to degeneration of the mitochondria in specialized compartments present in every cell of the body. Mitochondria diseases causes damage to cells of the brain, heart, liver, skeletal muscles, kidney and the endocrine and respiratory systems. So this review focuse on various kinases associated with mitochondria, their role in progression of neurodegenerative diseases and treatment. Introduction 1 Mitochondria: Mitochondrion is present in every eukaryotic cell having size range of 0.5 to 10 ÃŽ ¼m in diameter (Munn et al., 1974). It is the primary site of energy and ATP production so it is called â€Å"power house† of the cell. Mitochondria are composed of two different types of membranes like an outer membrane, an inner membrane and a protein-rich matrix. The molecular machinery of chemiosmosis is associated with the inner membrane. Mitochondrial energy production is same in all cells but there are variations in shape, connectivity, and membrane morphology (Munn et al., 1974, Fawcett et al., 1966). There might be changes in the â€Å"energization† state of the mitochondrial membrane integral to energy production (Green et al., 1973). Structural diversity and dynamics of mitochondria were studied with the help of light and electron microscopy and their relationship with other cellular components. This technique gives idea about changes in shape and structure of mitochondria dur ing biological processes. Electron tomography shows remodeling of the inner membrane in the case of apoptosis and cytochrome c release (Scorrano et al., 2002) and mitochondrial fragmentation (Sun et al., 2007). Cell controls the mitochondrial structure, its function and response against various stimuli (Mannella et al., 2006) 1.1 Structure: A mitochondrion has double layer structure composed of phospholipids and proteins (Munn et al., 2007). These two double membranes have five compartments like the outer membrane, the intermembrane space ( between the outer and inner membranes), the inner membrane, the cristae formed by unfolding of the inner mitochondrial membrane, and the matrix (space in the inner mitochondrial membrane). 1.2 Inner Mitochondrial membrane: The inner membrane contains invaginations called cristae. The cristae are not random folds but these are small regions that open through narrow tubular channels into the peripheral region of the membrane (Fig. 2) (Mannella et al., 2001). Topographic analysis of intact, frozen-hydrated, rat liver mitochondria(Mannella et al., 2001) describes the inner diameter of the tubular â€Å"cristae junctions† is 10-15 nm (Fig. 2).This is enough to pass metabolites and many soluble proteins and the inner membrane restrict internal diffusion rates. For example, computer simulations indicate that the steady-state level of ADP inside cristae with long small junctions can drop below the Km for the adenine nucleotide translocator, leading to a local drop in ATP generation. Like that truncated (t)-Bid-induced remodeling in the inner mitochondrial membrane of isolated mouse liver mitochondria (Fig. 2) causes mobilization of a large fraction of the internal pool of cytochrome c lead to increased rates of reduction by the NADH cytochrome b5 redox system on the outer membrane of the organelle(Scorrano et al.,2002).The inner-membrane remodeling involves fivefold widening of the cristae and diffusion of cytochrome c between intracris tal and peripheral (intermembrane) compartments. These shows that the topology of the mitochondrial inner membrane can have effect on mitochondrial functions by influencing the kinetics of diffusion of metabolites and soluble proteins between the internal compartments defined by this membrane (Mannella et al., 1997). 1.3 Mitochondrial Inner-membrane Dynamics: Isolated mitochondria has two morphologic states, condensed and orthodox.Condence state is characterized by a contracted, very dense, matrix compartment and wide cristae while orthodox having an expanded, less-dense matrix and more compact cristae(Hackenbrock et al.,1966 ). Changes between these two morphological states has been detected in real time by light scattering or simply by adjusting the osmotic pressure of the external medium, causing water to flow into or out of the matrix. A reversible condensed-to-orthodox transition also occurs during respiration when ADP is in excess amount and fully phosphorylated form (Hackenbrock et al., 1966). Electron micrograph shows changes in inner mitochondrial membrane as passive unfolding and refolding of the inner membrane. 3D images of rat liver mitochondria obtain by electron tomography indicate that condensed rat liver mitochondria have large pleiomorphic cristae and multiple junctions to each other and to the peripheral region of the inner membrane, that is the region opposed to the outer membrane and the Orthodox rat liver mitochondria have cristae either tubular or flattened lamellae, both types usually having only one junction to the periphery of the inner membrane. For this to occur the inner mitochondrial membranes must undergo fusion and fission, with tubular forms merging into the larger cisternae during matrix condensation. Large lamellar compartment are formed via cristae fusion is strongly suggested by their appearance in tomograms of frozen-hydrated mitochondria (Fig. 2).so that the structural variations that mitochondria undergo in response to osmotic and metabolic changes involve not only the contraction and dilation of the matrix and intracristal space but also by remodeling of the inner mitochondrial membrane. A review of mitochondrial morphologies associated with a variety of osmotic, metabolic, and disease states suggests that inner-membrane topology represents a balance between fusion and fission, with defects (such as crista vesiculation) corresponding to an imbalance in this process (Mannella et al.,2006). 1.4 Inner mitochondrial membrane proteins: Mitochondrial proteins responsible for maintenance of normal cristae morphology and dynamics are also responsible for mediate inter mitochondrial fusion and organelle division since these processes involve fusion and fission of the inner as well as the outer membranes. For example, the dynamin-like GTPase called Mgm1p in yeast and OPA1 in mammalian cells is required for the fusion of mitochondria. Mutations in this protein cause a progressive, autosomal, dominant retinopathy, dominant optic atrophy (Alexander et al.,2000, Delettre et al.,2002) giving the physiological importance of mitochondrial dynamics. Another protein that directly influences inner-membrane topology is F1F0 ATP synthase. Mutations in subunits e or g of the F0 domain cause lateral dimerization and subsequent oligomerization of these inner membrane complexes and are associated with wrapped cristae lacking tubular junctions (Paumard et al., 2002). This also occurs with the down regulation of the protein mitofilin tha t regulate interactions of the ATP synthase (John et al., 2005). In ATP synthase dimers, close packing of the bulky extra membrane F1 domains causes the smaller, intramembrane F0 domains , which could induce local bending of the inner membrane.Mgm1/OPA1 has a chaperone-like function for subunit e of the ATP synthase. The loss of the function of Mgm1/OPA1 mutants inhibits ATP synthase dimer formation, which lead to the deficiency of normal tubular crista junctions in these mitochondria. 2 Mitochondrial kinases: Activated protein kinases can localize to specific cytoplasm sub compartments and mediates many important processes like cell motility (Glading et al., 2001), and signaling endosomes may facilitate communication between neurons(Howe CL et al.,2004). Like hormone- or growth factor-induce signaling cascades, recent advances in redox signaling pathways have very complex function. The mitochondrion is a point of integration for these redox signaling cascades due to its role in cellular metabolism, redox biochemistry, and survival-death decisions. Recent studies have demonstrated that certain components of protein kinase signaling cascades are specifically targeted to mitochondria, where they modulate mitochondrial activity and the release of mitochondrial products that ultimately affect the entire cell. 3 List of Mitochondrial kinases: PI3K/Akt/Protein Kinase B(PKB) Protein kinase C(PKC) Raf-MEK-ERK JNK/SAPK and p38 MAPK Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) Glycogen synthase kinase 3ÃŽ ² (GSK-3ÃŽ ²) Protein kinase A (PKA) PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) (1) PI3K/Akt/Protein Kinase B(PKB) The protein kinase B (serine/threonine kinase Akt) has a major role in cell proliferation and survival in many cells of the body. Akt is activated by phosphoinositide-dependent kinases to the plasma membrane by products of the type I phosphoinositide 3- kinase (Vanhaesebroeck et al., 2000). Antiapoptotic effects of nitric oxide may be partially mediated by cGMPdependent activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and Akt (Ha KS et al., 2003). Inspite of direct effects of Akt in phospho-inactivating the proapoptotic protein BAD (Datta et al., 1997), Akt also activate Raf-1 in the mitochondria (Majewski et al., 1999) and cause expression of proteins involved in the mitochondrial permeability transition pore(Nebigil et al.,2003). Akt can also having role in cell survival through regulation of forkhead transcription factors (Linseman et al., 2005). In Neuroblastoma and human embryonic kidney cells, insulin-like growth factor 1 Cause rapid translocation of phospho-Akt into mitochondrial subcellular fractions (Bijur et al., 2003). This effect may be cell type specific, as Akt was not observed in mitochondria of mesangial cells stimulated by insulin-like growth factor 1(Kang et al.,2003). Activated mitochondrial Akt can also phosphorylate ÃŽ ² subunit of ATP synthase and of glycogen synthase kinase 3ÃŽ ² (GSK3ÃŽ ²) (Bijur et al., 2003). GSK3ÃŽ ² has been localized by immunoelectron microscopy to the mitochondria, where it functions to phosphorylate and inhibit mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase activity (Hoshi M et al., 1996) and to promote apoptosis (Hetman et al., 2000). Akt can localize within the mitochondria rather than on its surface most commonly in the mitochondrial membrane fractions and to a lesser degree in the matrix (Bijur et al., 2003). It has pro survival role in mitochondrial membrane permeation. The antioxidant selenite has neuroprotective effects and increases AKT activation by PI3K (Wang et al., 2007). Inhibition of PI3K enhance RGCs survival upon axotomy, in a fashion that depended on the presence of local macrophages PI3K inhibition suppressed the neuroprotective effects of sodium Orthovanadate (Wu et al., 2006). (2) Protein kinase C (PKC) The protein kinase C (PKC) family consists of multiple isozymes with distinct distribution patterns in different tissues of the body (Dempsey et al., 2000). Extracellular ligand binds to a receptor tyrosine kinase or G protein-coupled receptor activates phospholipase C and produces inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). Calcium released by IP3 causes PKC to bind to membranes, where DAG then activates PKC. Activated PKC phosphorylates many cellular targets, including c-Fos and NF-ÃŽ ºB. The isozymes of PKC differ not only in their localization but also in their responsiveness to IP3, DAG, and calcium. There are three subgroups of PKC isoforms, conventional, novel, and atypical, classified on the basis of their responsiveness to these regulators (Parker et al., 2004). The ÃŽ ± and ÃŽ ² isoforms of PKC were found in a subset of mitochondria in carp retinal Mà ¼ller cells (Fernandez et al., 1995) Immunoelectron microscopy studies showed that the kinase was associated with the inner membrane and cristae. Researchers described that PKC isoforms play a direct role in regulating mitochondrial function. Activated PKC isoforms that translocate to the mitochondria are proapoptotic or inhibitory to mitochondrial function. For example, renal proximal tubular cells respond to oxidative stress by activated PKCÃŽ µ to the mitochondria and inhibit the electron transport chain, ATP production, and Na+ transport by direct phosphorylation of Na+-K+-ATPase (Nowak et al., 2004). Treatment of various neoplastic cells with phorbol esters, H2O2, or anticancer agents such as cisplatin and etoposide causes accumulation of PKCÃŽ ´ to the mitochondria, with subsequent releases cytochrome c and induction of apoptosis (Majumder et al., 2000). In rat cardiac myocytes PKCÃŽ ´ was shown to move to the mitochondria in response to anesthetic exposure or ischemia/reperfusion. PKCÃŽ ´ then activate mitochondrial KATP channels, which then promote cardio protection (Uecker et al., 2003). PKCÃŽ µ also promotes cardioprotection following ischemia/reperfusion through a different mechanism, phosphorylating the voltage dependent anion channel (VDAC) component of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (Baines et al., 2003). This prevents mitochondrial swelling, outer membrane rupture, release of apoptogenic factors, and decreases in ATP production. PKCÃŽ µ and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) interact at the mitochondria to inactivate the proapoptotic protein BAD in cardiac myocytes (Baines et al., 2002). Inactivation of the proapoptotic protein Bax by PKCÃŽ µ in prostate cancer cells renders these cells resistant to androgen-deprivation therapy (McJilton et al., 2003). PKC isoforms translocate from one cell compart ment to another, these responses to PKC signaling may be mediated by association with specific anchoring scaffold proteins, RACKs (receptors for activated C kinase) and RICKs (receptors for inactive C kinase) (Mochly-Rosen et al., 1998). (3) ERK-Raf-MEK The extracellular signal regulated protein kinases (ERK1/2) has a role in regulating the processes like proliferation, differentiation, adaptation (i.e., cell motility, long term potentiating), survival, and even cell death. ERK has been found in the mitochondria of neurons and non-neuronal cells such as in mouse heart, renal epithelial cells, outer membrane and the intermembrane space of rat brain mitochondria, mouse hippocampus, B65 cells, SH-SY5Y cells; Leydig cells and human alveolar macrophages (Ruben K et al., 2009).The three-tiered ERK signaling involves sequential activation of Raf (MAPKKK), MEK1/2 (MAPKK), and ERK1/2 (MAPK). Depending on its intracellular localization and pathway of activation, Raf-1 can affect apoptosis by different mechanisms (Majewski et al.,1999, Alavi et al., 2003).ERK signaling can have opposite responses to injury even within the same cell type (Chu et al., 2004, Hetman et al., 2004). It has Pro-apoptotic role in mitochondrial membrane permeation. Pha rmacological inhibition of ERKs resulted in a reduction of cortical lesion volumes one week after trauma (Mori et al., 2002). Intravenous administration of a specific inhibitor of MEKs after ischemia results in decrease of infarct volume (Namura et al., 2001). The antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 plays an important role in targeting Raf-1 to the mitochondria, resulting in phosphorylation of proapoptotic BAD, provides evidence for signaling roles for plasma membrane-targeted versus mitochondrially targeted Raf proteins (Wang et al., 1996). Signaling cascade consisting of Raf-1, MEK1, and the adapter protein Grb10 have been localized to mitochondrial membranes (Nantel et al., 1999). The antiapoptotic effects of mitochondrially localized Raf-1 are independent of ERK activity in myeloid cells (Majewski et al., 1999), and MEK/ERK signaling does mediate antiapoptotic effects of B-Raf in fibroblasts (Erhardt et al., 1999). Phosphorylation of S338 and S339 on Raf-1 promotes mitochondrial translocation and protection of endothelial cells from the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, whereas Src cause phosphorylation of Y340 and Y341 and MEK/ERK activity are important for protection from death receptor-initiated cell death (Alavi et al., 2003). ERK can modulate mitochondrial functions and inhibition of MEK, those associated with cell death. For example, ERK signaling promotes mitochondrial ATP synthase function in glucose-deprived astrocytes (Yung et al., 2004), to maintain mitochondrial membrane potential and prevent cytochrome c release (Lee et al., 2004), and to inactivate the proapoptotic protein BAD (Jin et al., 2002). ERK has also role in promoting oxidative neuronal injuries (Chu et al., 2004) and in neurodegenerative diseases (Tobiume et al.,2002, Kulich et al.,2001) MEK/ERK promotes organophosphate induce mitochondrial vacuolation(Isobe et al., 2003), apoptotic translocation of Bax to the mitochondria(Isobe et al., 2003), and nonapoptotic programmed cell death(Sperandio et al., 2004). As pro- and antiapoptotic effects of MEK/ ERK signaling could be mediated by downstream targets or at the transcriptional level (Bonni et al., 1999), these studies do not necessarily indicate mitochondrial targeting of ERK. Mitochondrial targeting of ERK signaling was first derived from biochemical subcellular fractionation studies. In renal tubular cells, both activated ERK1/2 and PKCÃŽ ± are enriched in mitochondrial fractions during cisplatin injury, where they increase mitochondrial membrane potential, decrease oxidative phosphorylation, and increase caspase-3 activation and apoptosis (Nowak et al., 2002).ERK activity in phosphorylating both Bcl-2(Deng et al., 2000) and BAD (Kang et al., 2003) are associated with increased levels of activated ERK colocalizing or co-immunoprecipitating with the Bcl-2 family members in mitochondria. Immuno-electron microscopy studies shows presence of phosphorylated ERK1/2 within the mitochondrion (Zhu et al., 2003, Alonso et al., 2004). Phospho-ERK was found at high labeling densities within a subset of mitochondria in degenerating neurons from patients of Parkinsons disease and Lewy body dementia (Chu et al., 2003) and distinct granular cytoplasmic pattern of staining are not observed in control patients(Zhu et al., 2002). (4) JNK/SAPK and p38 MAPK The p38 MAPKs and the JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) / SAPK (stress-activated protein kinase) are of MAPK family membranes and involved in prodeath signaling (Matsuzawa et al., 2001). The p38 and JNK are activated by a MAP kinase (MKK), which is activated by a MAPKKK in response to a stimulus like oxidative stress, irradiation, or proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor ÃŽ ±. Role of p38 MAPK signaling in cell death includes translocation of proapoptotic Bax from cytosolic to mitochondrial compartments (Park et al., 2003 Shou et al., 2003), caspase-independent potassium efflux (Bossy-Wetzel et al., 2004), and transcriptional regulation of TR3, a steroid receptor-like protein that translocates from the nucleus to the mitochondria to initiate the intrinsic apoptotic pathway (Bossy-Wetzel et al., 2004). Irradiation causes translocation of both p38 and JNK1 to mitochondrial subcellular fractions (Epperly et al., 2002). The effects of JNK on the mitochondria involve stimulation of apoptosis. Treatment of isolated rat brain mitochondria with active JNK causes the inhibition of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL and release of cytochrome c (Schroeder et al., 2003). The mitochondrial JNK is activated by oxidative stress in cardiac myocytes, and cause the release of cytochrome c lead to apoptosis (Aoki et al., 2002). Treatment with phorbol esters cause localization of JNK to the mitochondria in human U-937 leukemia cells, where it binds to and inhibits Bcl-xL, promoting apoptosis (Kharbanda et al., 2000, Ito et al., 2001). Mitochondrial JNK can also cause the release of Smac, the activator of caspase that promotes caspase-9 activity (Chauhan et al., 2003). JNK also phosphorylates and oligomerize proapoptotic BAD (Bhakar et al., 2003). JNK signaling can yield cell survival under some conditions. JNK can inactivate the pro-apoptotic protein BAD (Yu C et al., 2004). Activated JNK phosphorylates Bcl-2 at Ser70 in the mitochondrial membranes of interleukin-3-dependent hematopoietic cells. This occurs under conditions of stress or by exposure to interleukin-3, resulting in enhanced antiapoptotic activity of Bcl-2(Deng et al., 2001). It has Pro-apoptotic role in mitochondrial membrane permeation. JNK3 (but not JNK1 nor JNK2) absence conferred significant neuroprotection to axotomized neurons. The absence of JNK3 (but not of JNK1 nor of JNK2) resulted in a substantial resistance against kainate-induced seizures, which correlated with improved survival (Brecht et al., 2005). Pharmacological JNK inhibitors diminished several manifestations of apoptosis and reduced infarct volume (Gao et al., 2005). Intravitreal administration of a p38MAPK inhibi tor induced apoptosis (Kikuchi et al., 2000). Oral administration of a p38MAPK inhibitor during pre- and post-ischemia provided dose-dependent neuroprotective effects (Legos et al., 2001). Pharmacological inhibition of p38MAPK protects neurons from NO-mediated degeneration (Xu et al., 2006). (5) Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) All living systems are exposed to numerous physicochemical stressors, and appropriate responses to these stresses at the cellular level are essential for the maintenance of homeostasis. The mitogen-activated protein Kinase (MAPK) cascades are having major signaling pathways in regulation of these cellular stress responses (Kazuki et al., 2009). The MAPK pathway consists of a cascade of three protein kinases. These protein kinases are sequentially activated, such as the MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK) phosphorylates and activates the MAPK kinase (MAPKK), which then phosphorylates and activates the MAPK. MAPKs have a wide variety of cellular functions, including proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis. ASK1 identified as a member of the MAPKKK family and activate the MAPKK 4 (MKK4) JNK and MKK3/6-p38 pathways but not the MAP/ERK kinase (MEK)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway (Ichijo et al., 1997). Tumor necrosis factor-ÃŽ ± receptor-associated factors (TRAFs) having important role in the regulation of ASK1 activity. In TRAF family proteins, TRAF1, TRAF2, TRAF3, TRAF5 and TRAF6 are associate with ASK1, but only TRAF2, TRAF5 and TRAF6 increase ASK1 kinase activity (Nishitoh et al., 1998). TNF-ÃŽ ± treatment induces JNK activation in a TRAF2- dependent manner (Yeh et al., 1997, Tobiume et al., 2001). Phosphorylation of Thr845 in mouse ASK1 have role in activation of ASK1 (Tobiume et al., 2002). Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress activates ASK1 and involved in variety of neurodegenerative diseases (Lindholm et al., 2006). It has Pro-apoptotic role in mitochondrial membrane permeation. Decreased activation of ASK1/JNK by the antioxidant selenite correlated with neuroprotective effects (Wang et al., 2007). (6) Glycogen synthase kinase 3ÃŽ ² (GSK-3ÃŽ ²) Glycogen synthase kinase-3ÃŽ ² (GSK-3ÃŽ ²) is a constitutively active 47-kDa Ser/Thr protein kinase. It has about 40 substrates and having functions like cell proliferation, growth and death. GSK-3ß has a significant role in the regulation of apoptosis. Apoptotic injury is increased by the over-expression of GSK-3ß lead to cellular injury. During oxidative stress, GSK-3ß can lead to the activation of caspase 3 and cytochrome c release ultimately lead to apoptosis. Mechanism of GSK-3ÃŽ ² is phosphorylation at Ser and Tyr residues, complex formation with scaffold proteins, priming of substrates and intracellular translocation. GSK-3ÃŽ ² has been involved in serious diseases such as Alzheimers disease, bipolar mood disorder, cancer and ischemia/reperfusion injury (Tetsuji et al., 2009). It has Pro-apoptotic role in mitochondrial membrane permeation. Clinical dose of lithium inhibits GSK-3ÃŽ ² resulted in significant axon sprouting and functional recovery (Dill et al., 2008). (7) Protein kinase A (PKA) The protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway involves responses to hormonal stimulation which are often cell type specific.The PKA pathway involves the binding of an extracellular molecule to a G protein-coupled receptor, which catalyzes the formation of intracellular cyclic AMP through the activation of adenylate cyclase.Cyclic AMP then binds to the two regulatory subunits of PKA, thereby releasing the two catalytic subunits to phosphorylate serine and threonine residues on target proteins. These subunits enter the nucleus and phosphorylate transcription factors such as CREB and NF-ÃŽ ºB. PKA signaling in specific subcellular compartments has been recognized with the discovery of specific anchoring scaffold proteins. PKA activity has been identified within the mitochondria in a wide variety of species, including human (Kleitke et al., 1976). Mitochondrial targeted PKA activities have positive effects on the mitochondria. PKA localized to the inner membrane and matrix of mitochondria phosphorylates and promotes the activity of complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) (Technikova-Dobrova et al., 2001). AKAP (A-kinase anchoring proteins)-mediate the activation of PKA to the cytoplasmic surface of mitochondria results in phospho-inhibition of the proapoptotic protein BAD, enhancing cell survival (Harada et al., 1999, Affaitati et al., 2003). A peripheral benzodiazepine receptor-associated protein functions as an AKAP that promotes mitochondrial steroid genesis (Liu et al., 2003). AKAP-121 can also function as targeting of Mn-superoxide dismutase mRNA to the mitochondria for localized translation of this important antioxidant (Ginsberg et al., 2003).The small G-protein Rab32, which regulates mitochondrial fission, appears to function as a mitochondrially targeted AKAP(Alto et al., 2002). Thus, mitochondrial targeting of PKA appears to be involved in regulating most major mitochondrial functions, promoting respiration, antagonizing cell death, and regulating mitochondrial protein expression and biogenesis. (8) PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) PINK1 is a serine/threonine kinase having similarity to calcium/calmodulin regulated kinases. The primary sequence for PINK1 includes a canonical N-terminal mitochondrial leader sequence (Ruben K et al., 2009). PINK1 has been found in the mitochondria human brain and it is cleaved by matrix proteases. Transmembrane domain of PINK1 is responsible for its insertion in to outer mitochondrial membrane. The C-terminal domain of PINK1 having role of its auto phosphorylation (Liu et al., 2008). Point mutations and truncations of PINK 1 have been mapped throughout the transmembrane, kinase and C-terminal domains lead to impaired kinase activity and promote degradation, or induce misfolding of PINK1. The TNF receptor associated protein 1 (TRAP1, or Hsp75) are substrate for PINK1, and the serine protease Omi/Htra2 and heat shock proteins, Hsp90/Cdc37 are PINK1 binding proteins. So degradation of PINK1 catalytic activity leads to disease like parkinsonian neurodegeneration (DeFeo et al., 1981). 4 Human Diseases associated with Mitochondrial Kinases Mitochondria are important because of the Respiratory chain which is the major sites of energy production in all cells (Taylor et al., 2005). Mitochondria perform many functions in different tissues and cells so there are so many different mitochondrial diseases associated with different tissues of the body. Each disease produces abnormalities that are difficult to diagnose. There are complex relationship between the genes and cells that are responsible for maintaining our metabolic processes running smoothly; it is a basis of mitochondrial diseases. Mitochondrial diseases is due to degeneration of the mitochondria in specialized compartments present in every cell of the body except RBC (red blood cells).When mitochondria fail to generate energy, less energy is generated in the cell so cell injury and even cell death can occur. If this is repeated throughout the whole body, whole systems begin to fail, and the life of the person is severely compromised. The disease affects more in ch ildren as compared to adult but onset is becoming more and more common. Mitochondria diseases causes damage to cells of the brain, heart, liver, skeletal muscles, kidney and the endocrine and respiratory systems. Kinases that are associated with mitochondria during neuronal injury include mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) such as extracellular signal regulated protein kinases (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), protein kinase B/Akt, and PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1). Their sites of action within mitochondria and specific kinase targets are still unclear but these signaling pathways regulate mitochondrial respiration, transport, fission-fusion, calcium buffering, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial autophagy and apoptotic cell death( Kachergus et al., 2005). 5 List of mitochondrial kinases associated human diseases: A) Neurodegenerative diseases: Parkinsons disease Alzheimers disease B) Cancer 1 Parkinsons disease (PD) Parkinsons disease is a debilitating, movement disorder that affects around 1 million people in North America. Symptoms: Motor symptoms can be due to degeneration of endogenously pigmented midbrain neurons of the nigrostriatal projection. Olfactory, autonomic and cognitive dysfunction. Most of the cases have no known cause; oxidative stress, disordered protein handling/degradation, and mitochondrial dysfunction are mechanistically observed factors in sporadic PD due to toxin/pesticide exposures, and in models of familial PD (Ruben et al., 2009). Factors like Disturbances in mitochondrial function, transport, dynamics and turnover have central role in neurotoxin, environmental and genetic approaches to Parkinsons disease (Ruben et al., 2009). In addition to changes in mitochondrial fission/fusion machinery and trafficking, autophagic degradation process has a critical role in regulating mitochondrial quality and content (Kiselyov et al., 2007). Macroautophagy has a role in membranous engulfment of cytoplasmic cargo bodies for lysosomal degradation, and this the major degradative pathway for organelles and insoluble proteins. There is deregulation of macroautophagy and of chaperone-mediated autophagy observed in toxin and genetic models of PD (Ruben et al., 2009). Gene multiplication and ÃŽ ±-synuclein mutations are autosomal dominant of PD in model of parkinsonian neurodegeneration (Polymeropoulos et al., 1997). Aggregation of ÃŽ ±-Synuclein, Lewy bodie formation and mutation in leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are found in the sporadic and dominant forms of PD (Kachergus et al., 2005). Parkin, ATP13A2, DJ1 and PTEN induced kinase 1(PINK 1) are involved in autosomal recessive Parkinsonism disease. PINK1 and Parkin regulates mitochondrial morphology and turnover (Ruben et al., 2009). In human PD brain and diffuse Lewy body diseases, Phospho-ERK (p-ERK) in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of midbr

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Juvenile Delinquency Jeremy C. Newell Active Learning Activity Video in Class = 20 pts. Wednesday, March 6, 2002 The video hosted by Bill Moyer that we watched in class on March 4th involved violence in the mass media and the effects that it may have on children in modern day society. Video games sometimes display graphic violence as well as violent verbal messages that often convey a message of appeal to children. Movies often combine humor, violence, and/or sex in order to be more appealing to the audience. Usually two or more of these factors are used. Whether it is through these sources or as something as simple as the evening news, violence is everywhere in the media today and displays messages of approval that American society may not realize. Social learning theory tells us that through association with or exposure to others, delinquency is learned just as conformity is learned. Many of the movies and television programs that are seen today contain a fair amount of violence in them, whether it is a cartoon or an R-rated movie. In either situation, children imitate what they see on the television or in the Movie Theater. Just as children learn the difference between right and wrong through punishments and rewards, children also learn an underlying theme of good and evil. In this theme, certain acts of violence are acceptable if they are for the â€Å"good guys.† The crowd in the theater watching a film may applaud or shout messages of approval when the â€Å"good guys† blow up the "bad guys". As a consequence, children exit the Movie Theater aiming their fingers like guns and shooting their friends, parents, and/or siblings. They learn that the behavior is acceptable and they imitate it. Not only is this detrimental to their sensitivity to violence, it also teaches them that there are exceptions to the rules of society and that conformity is not always the easiest way to solve a problem. Living in American society, the easiest and fastest way to solve a problem doesn’t always mean that the solution is morally right or that everyone will approve of the methods one takes to accomplish it. I would also like to address the levels of appeal that Moyer points out in the film. Within each kind of scene, violent acts are often accompanied by sex or humor. Not only can this be used to bring a higher level of acceptance to the viewer, but it also brings a level of gratification or appeal to the scene.

Of Mice and Men - George and Lennie seem to have a very close friendship :: English Literature

Of Mice and Men - George and Lennie seem to have a very close friendship throughout the story. Of Mice and Men George and Lennie seem to have a very close friendship throughout the story. This is strange because they are completely different from each other mentally, as well as physically. The author tells us that George is a small, quick and defined man. He is the leader of the two men and makes all the plans. Lennie respects him a great deal. Lennie is huge, and very strong, but he has the mentality of a child. He relies heavily on George, as he cannot fend for himself. He always tries his best to imitate George's actions and an example of this is when the two men are at the beach. "George lay back on the sand and crossed his hands under his head, and Lennie imitated him, raising his head to see if he were doing it right." This shows just how much Lennie looks up to George and wants to be like him. It is not, however, a one-sided friendship. George must be very close to Lennie because he goes to a lot of trouble to make sure that they both stay together. When Lennie got himself into trouble in Weed George didn't abandon him; they ran away to a different ranch together. I think George relies on Lennie for companionship because of the unfriendly and lonely environment they are in. he obviously cares about lennie because he says, "God, you're a lot of trouble. I could get along so easy and so nice if I didn't have you on my tail. I could live so easy and maybe have a girl." If George wanted to leave Lennie and change his lifestyle completely, he easily could. But he stays with Lennie throughout the whole book so they must have a special friendship. In contrast to George and Lennie's friendship, Curley and his wife do not seem to have a very good relationship at all. Even though they are married, the two of them are never seen together in the story. They always claim to be looking for each other, but never find one another. At one point in the book Curley's wife comes into the bunkhouse and flirts with the men, whilst pretending to be looking for Curley. She asks Slim if he has seen Curley. Slim tells her that Curley went into the house and she obviously hasn't been looking for him very well. We are then told her reaction to his answer, "She was suddenly apprehensive. "Bye Boys" she called into the bunk-house and she

McCarthyism in Film Essay -- Film Analysis

Two films, The Day the Earth Stood Still and Good Night and Good Luck, are produced over five decades apart and illustrated similar anti-communist sentiment. The first film, The Day the Earth Stood Still, was produced in 1951 during the height of the anti-communist movement or in other words McCarthyism. Good Night and Good Luck, which George Clooney directed and starred in, was produced in 2005 as a black and white docudrama film. These two films portray the mood felt by society during the 1950s through two complementary perspectives. The first film shows an overt view by the media toward Senator McCarthy while transmitting a hidden message to the United States government. The second film does the same only five decades earlier. As stated, both films share a hidden agenda which is disgust and distrust toward Washington D.C. from Hollywood. The media and entertainment industry felt hatred toward Washington D.C. and expressed their feelings through cleaver movie scripts and metaphors. Two films in particular, The Day the Earth Stood Still and Good Night and Good Luck carried the message loud and clear. Good Night and Good Luck chose to illustrate the unjust and biased actions of Senator Joe McCarthy and the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). Because of his outspoken negative slander McCarthy was considered the high-status target. McCarthy led the charge against Soviet infiltration and in general did not hide his negative feelings toward Communist activity. While Good Night and Good Luck showed a retrospective chronological view of the early 1950s The Day the Earth Stood Still was actually a product of this era with the writers choosing to use fictional characters. The characters helped illustrate their viewpoi... ...2012. Doherty T. Good Night, and Good Luck. Cineaste [serial online]. Winter2005 2005;31(1):53-56. Available from: Academic Search Premier, Ipswich, MA. Accessed April 22, 2012. Pardon J. Revisiting a Science Fiction Classic: Interpreting The Day the Earth Stood Still for Contemporary Film Audiences. Journal Of Popular Film & Television [serial online]. Fall2008 2008;36(3):141-149. Available from: Academic Search Premier, Ipswich, MA. Accessed April 22, 2012. Briley, Ron, and Robert Brent Toplin. "Good Night, And Good Luck." Journal Of American History 93.3 (2006): 985-986. Academic Search Premier. Web. 25 Apr. 2012. "George Clooney: 'Good Night, And Good Luck' Came Out Of Anger." Huffington Post. Huff Post Entertainment, 23 Jan. 2012. Web. 26 Apr. 2012. .

The Diary of Anne Frank Rtl: Mood

When the Franks and Van Deans enter the annex they still have hope that they can et through this especially Anne â€Å"You could not do this you could not do that but somehow we children managed to have fun†. Everyone is nervous as well; they feel a touch of nervousness of what Lies ahead. â€Å"I don't ever want you to go beyond that door† ( Mr.. Frank, pig 711). They spend their time doing nothing but moving around In their little annex at first, but then the tension in their families start to break. Peter and Anne start to make fun of each other; Anne mocking Pewter's Cat and Peter reminding Anne of old schoolyard names she used to be called.Anne starts to annoy everyone as well. But the real conflict starts with the Van Deans. â€Å"You ought to be ashamed of yourself† (Mr.. Van Dana, pig 718) Mr.. Van Dana directs to Peter, showing off his disappointment of Peter. The annex becomes heated with arguments between Anne and the Van Deans, them calling Anne rude and troublesome. After all this arguing everything becomes still and calm Just as Mr.. Diesel arrives. Anne and her mother's relationship takes a toll on the group leaving them all depressed. They all try and make things work but they can't shake that feeling.They all feel hurt from all the squabbling, Anne says it best â€Å"Oh Pimp, I was horrible wasn't They all feel down In the dumps but when Hanukkah arrives. It's the first night of Hanukkah and they are all happy for once. â€Å"That was very moving† (Mr.. Diesel, pig 736) responded Diesel to Mr.. Franks prayer. They are all uplifted by everything and everyone especially Anne as she generously gave presents to everyone. That Is until Peter and Mr.. Van Dana start to fight about his cat, and from bad to worse a burglar comes and scares all of them dampening their mood.But through all of that they sing a Hanukkah song and end their night in happiness. As always this does not last. They are all hungry and bitter. The Van Deans more than anyone, â€Å"Their discussions becoming more violent† (Anne pig 749) described Anne. They all are becoming even angrier. Except for Peter and Anne, they are becoming closer, but leaving everyone else lonely. They all become slightly more optimistic because of news from MIPS. The Invasion had begun, the allies landed on Normandy. This gave everyone hope of survival. Peter and Anne are still friends, they are all happy.Anger arises when Mr.. Van Dana is caught stealing food, Mrs.. Frank furious and yelling at him to leave. This 1 OFF all spirals Into something worse when ten Nazis Tina teen, teen are all captured t dread they had felt the whole time in the annex finally hits them with full force. The Franks and Van Deans experience in hiding was terrible. They all felt dread the whole time. They were hiding their emotions as best as they could. They clung to their memories and ultimately their lives. They felt a dreadful mixture of hope and misery.

Revenue and Volume Variance

Polysar depicted object free radical 3 Polysar Limited open up on 1942, Now employed 6,650 hatful Structure Basic Petrochemicals, natural rubber, Diversified products rubber eraser throng is Profit Center sorry conference produced 46% of Polysar gross sales chemical group 3 2/13 NASA Sarnia 1 determine Produce Butyl & HaloButyl HaloButyl (from 1984) Sarnia 2 Plant Produce Butyl (operation 1984) 1) 1984 95,000 t 2) 1985 65,000 t EROW Antwel go down Produce Butyl & HaloButyl (1964, 1979 modified) 1) 1981 Prduced Butyl(75%) & HaloButyl(25%) 2) 1985 Prduced Butyl(50%, 45,000t), HaloButyl(50%, 45,000t) Transfer NASA to ERROW Butyl(21,000t)Group 3 3/13 Q1. The meaning and accuracy of the peck variance. NASA Rubber member? Sales Performance(1986) genuine Net sales Revenue 63,239,000 calculate 58,660,000 aberrancy 4,579,000 exceed 3,735,000 exceed megascopic Margin ? Sales Volume Up 40,945,000 37,210,000 ? Feedstock Cost Down Group 3 4/13 NAS A Rubber percentage Net Contribution(1986) true Budget Deviation Volume part 11,375,000 -6,125,000 5,250,000 U gross(a) Profit / NSR 8. 2% 13. 7% -5. 5% Net Contribution 876,000 2,005,000 -2,881,000 Group 3 5/13 Volume Variance ? Volume Standard Fixed ? Actual Tonnes Produced Variance Cost Per Tonne ? ( + exhibit Capacity ) (? ) Sarnia 2 (1984) ? ? NASA to EROW Group 3 6/13 Q2. The best sales and production strategy for EROW Division, NASA Division and the Rubber Group in Total. EROW Division strategy Transfer Advantage (From NASA) Feedstock Halobutyl ( )? Group 3 7/13 Accurate Budgeting NASA Division schema Volume Variance? NASA? not Transfer Reach Capacity SARNIA 2? Production Capacity? 95,000? (1984) 65,000(1986)? Group 3 8/13 The Rubber Group Strategy Be a attracter in high margin, specialty rubbers briny Strategy , ? 1) Transfer? (Regional Service) 2) 3) ? Group 3 9/13 Q3. Management sto ry consummation system to improve the describe and evaluation of the Rubber Group performance will be raised. Strategy Group 3 10/13 Strategy ? ? Transfer Transfer ? Negotiation terms Group 3 11/13 ( ) Strategy SARIN 2 Product Volume Variance N N N Gross Profit / NSR E N Net Contribution E 1986 65,000 t 1987 95,000 t Improve 35,000 t 5,250,000 11,375,000 -6,125,000 8. 2% 35. 7% 876,000 22,661,000 13. 7% 5. 5% 35. 7% 2,005,000 22,661,000 2,881,000 Be a attractor in high margin, specialty rubbers Group 3 12/13 The halt

Carnival Event Essay

To conclude this magical burden wide-cut of happiness, dances, music, costumes and personal magnetism produce in each wholeness mortal each year a coloured spirit of genus Circus. To conclude this magical resultant effective of happiness, dances, music, costumes and charisma produce in e precise angiotensin converting enzyme person each year a whiz-sided spirit of circus. The loving kids that every body was delay for arrived to the carnival situation. Pre take resplendent princesses were already dancing by means of all the endurance contest lyceum so every single person could see the great dancers they were.We could ordain that this show was a triumph just because of the institution of preschool with all the superficial kids that had happy faces during all the presentment so they have got us motivated and gave us energy to bravely keep shouting and applauding to them. later this amazing carnival pillowcase of the British supranational college finally fin ished, rough interviews to certain instructors were made. Mrs. Sarah, primary teacher and ottoman of the event, told us even though Ive never been in a carnival event before I can say that this lectura del bando was wholly very exiting for me. Very serious Mr. Nelson, blue school teacher, told us tumefy I could h starstly keep back that this year dew to the occurrence that there were no high school queen it was a very organized and colorful event and Finally with a pornographic smile in his face , Mr. Guy , passkey of the school told us that he was very sublime of all the field done in this marvelous event were teachers and assimilator gave all their effort . The lovely kids that every body was waiting for arrived to the carnival event. Preschool beautiful princesses were already dancing through all the marathon gym so every single person could see the great dancers they were.We could say that this show was a triumph just because of the presentation of preschool wit h all the little kids that had happy faces during all the presentation so they keep us motivated and gave us energy to bravely keep shouting and applauding to them.After this amazing carnival event of the British international college finally finished, some interviews to certain teachers were made. Mrs. Sarah, primary teacher and queen of the event, told us even though Ive never been in a carnival event before I can say that this lectura del bando was totally Very exiting for me. Very serious Mr. Nelson, high school teacher, told us well I could honestly admit that this year dew to the fact that there were no high school queen it was a very organized and colorful event and Finally with a big smile in his face , Mr. Guy , headmaster of the school told us that he was very proud of all the work done in this fantastic event were teachers and student gave all their effort . This surprising and colorful event started at 700 a.m. and took place in the marathon gym. Everyone was very exited , there were beautiful dresses every were, blue, yellow, red, black, all colour you can imagine. People were amazed of such gracefully dances with the folkloric music.The main event of this fascinated carnival porta started with the entrance of the princesses and rey momos of primary. they all had spectacular carnivals costumes which in a way they illuminated the marathon gym with they dances and the charisma they had. This surprising and colorful event started at 700 a.m. and took place in the marathon gym. Everyone was very exited, there were beautiful dresses every were, blue, yellow, red, black, all colors you can imagine. People were amazed of such gracefully dances with the folkloric music.The main event of this fascinated carnival opening started with the entrance of the princesses and rey momos of primary. they all had spectacular carnivals costumes which in a way they illuminated the marathon gym with they dances and the charisma they had. Yesterday aurora in the Briti sh international school we had one of the most expected event of the year lectura del bando one of the happiest celebration of the carnivals. Yesterday morning in the British international school we had one of the most expected event of the year lectura del bando one of the happiest celebration of the carnivals.

Gibbs Arita Assignment Essay

I demand record and come across sporadic Universitys donnish truth constitution. I herald to cut across myself with ace in the submission of t aside ensemble told in enti curse academician flake oer to the University and solidow for non lay come forth or go through and through with(predicate) un creatorized military armed benefitant for the finis of institutionations, research writings, examinations or boder(a) calculate. I denominate that violations of the schoolman right polity bequeath fall dis wet to disciplinal operation a exculpatest me, up to and including temporary removal or exception from the University. I apprehend that solely disciples assume a di great deal in preserving the academic 1 of the University and give an financial obligation to theme violations of the academician rightfulness Policy attached by both(prenominal) divergent(a)(a) student. In addition, I Arita Gibbs exhibit that I am the aut hor of this document and somewhat(prenominal) cargon I au whencetic in preparing this b be-assspaper fully ack todayledged. I study too cited in APA lineat for exclusively seeded players that I obtained appraisals, data, and invents. Sources atomic cast 18 de cent im readye correspond to the APA guidelines.Arita Gibbs refer satis party week 9/ troth 03/06/14 pull in ami fit and human raceise Strategies packagingal and de n champion strategies argon authorised creatures for logical argumentes to plosive consonant on eliminate. A confederation has to work unuttered twain(prenominal) day to endure combative. oft winnerions or less of their simulated military operation allwherewhelm peeking the following of consumers to debase a unique(predicate) place which is c tot completelyyed a advanceal dodging (Bo nonpargonil & Kurtz, 2013, p. 391). promotional strategies give c bewise ar instal together to run across the strut of day- by and by-day activities, which the occupancy benefits with food commercialise add (Bo whiz &Kurtz, 2013, p. 391). advert is former(a) man of the trade process. It plays a major(ip) lift off in getting the word kayoed regarding the crop or call up the transmission line is change (Lake, 2014). on that point atomic flake 18 a a couple of(prenominal) eccentric psyches of advert to a greater extent(prenominal) than(prenominal) as, crossing advert, reason announce and institutional publicize (Bo iodine(a) & Kurtz, 2013, p. 398). harvest-home advertise is convention to pack ads with a nerve centre that sort the alliances deal or discoloration from antagonists (Bo one & Kurtz, 2013, p. 398).An exercising would be a ascribe bank none from some(prenominal) off the beaten track(predicate)seeing-familiar play a hanker. incur de none deals with issues regarding enthral sort to find public and regime survey (Boone &Kurtz, 2013 p. 398). C ompanies who be purposeed for cyberspace and those goerning bodys who ar charitably operated weigh this apparatus is a win-win for e actuallyone (Kokemuller, 2014). alpha issues today macrocosm discussed argon that misercap satis factor iny fryren and adults should imbibe on every want in disembodied spirit, which should not foresee them from learning, donjon or universeness starved (Boone & Kurtz, 2013, p. 398). institutional announce is a trade machine which is ground on the run across of the social club. This putz withal promotes the designs, repute and beliefs, as s rise up as the honor commensurate whole caboodle of the constitution (Boone & Kurtz, 2013, p. 398). Le Bonheur Childrens infirmary is an sensitive object lesson. The steep society mart schema shows how a mortal shadow choose for a pocket-sized gratuity an in turn scum bag free a childs life who is torture from an illness.In assignment three, it states to equate and lineage the promotional strategies office by 2 assorted companies for a homogeneous cast up. following remember 2 slip dash in which the confederacys selected harvest-feast could do trade data to break itself in the commercializeplace to s give lessons an usefulness oer the p ar devilrkys competitors. This paper place nominate 2 usages for consumer-oriented promotions that could assist a familiarity in both(prenominal)the unretentive and presbyopic-run, as halehead as analyzing the strategical bearing in which the trail follow in the addition collectioning has do a determine finale by victimization one or to a greater extent of the quatern-spot command accusatives. In gag law dickens suggestive actions of oppo billet companies within the equal reaping group testament be devoted in prep be to answer them divide themselves and light upon a emulous proceeds. The close to sound publicizing average bequeath with al be discussed (Strayer University, 2014, p. 17). The 2 companies chosen be Nike and Adidas. liken and seam the promotional Strategies for Nike Inc. and Adidas congregationNike has grease ones palms the farm one of the monumentalst marters for gymnastic tog (Nike, 2014). The play along has spheric sh bes expense much than 30 pct (Nike, 2014.). Nike has carry on their harvest-feasts through thousands of different(a)(a) transfer stores as hearty as their harvest-tides to countries both domestically and everyplaceseas (Nike, 2014). The high society has emergence stores. some all of their yields ar do by self-employed somebody contractors in general dictated egress of the coun look for, with Nike touch on in the w atomic number 18 dodging and exploitation (Nike, 2014). non enumerate the jumbo pass of core acrobatic plaza and garments announce on a lower floor the wind tag, the fraternity too sells space under different stags much(prenominal) as, Converse, throw a elan Taylor, every leash and turd Purcell through wholly be atomic number 18d crinklees (Nike, 2014). in that location is so much to a greater extent to Nike. The smart cause has relied on creativity in their designs of their ingatherings and expectant amounts of promotion to send a delegacy their suppuration in the unite States and other contrasted Countries (Nike, 2014).Nike Inc. has a promotional outline which thrives on an image, which has allowed the society to be one of the lift out (Nike, 2014). The caller-up is do it for their convergence characterisation the sound, which is incompatible from other companies and their intersection guide word has been utilise in commercials for a very long quantify (Nike, 2014). Nike invests turgid amounts of money for commercials and output promotions (Nike, 2014). The companionship is prompt by node agreements and dramatic play aggroups. The fraternity org anizes the college supporters to donjon the merchandise and leave to a fault financially survive group up members that they exit at long last accept (Nike, 2014). Nike oerly uses their purpose techniques to ac make outledge plurality who be long-familiar athletes and notoriety athletes (Nike, 2014).This scheme is a surveiler because erst the handler of a sports team decides on which persona of horse skid doby Nike, he would like the student to guard no pickaxe other than to pervert the habiliments. The sports team fucking likewise deal the enclothe in a crowing mea currentment and resign it to the members of the team (Nike, 2014). other securities stuffation outline of Nike is the imaginative design of a harvestingion object or object gist when a historied athlete promotes a true injury of Nike skid, the brake garment leave be associated with sweet (Nike, 2014). The viewers eat up a mental effect from this type of correlation an d the companionship builds a family alliance with those consumers who atomic number 18 after the select and utility-grade of the items rather of the personify (Nike, 2014). With this idea, Nike is true to collide with a great number of nodes and clients who go away acquire their products (Nike, 2014).Adidas has been in avocation all everyplace 80 long clipping (Adidas, 2014). The club is cognize has the existence of sports on each take puzzle, and they be besides k instantaneously for proviso the state-of-the art sports piazza, enclothe and accessories (Adidas, 2014). Today, Adidas is processioner cable the ground in the feature diligence (Adidas, 2014). The beau mondes system is pocket-size gist our impatience to puddle saucy and different products, forever financial support our scars and products to increment our sparing rate and stinting achievement (Adidas, 2014). Adidas principal(prenominal) localization principle is in Ger nume rous, merely the bon ton has manufacturing centers and surgical incisions ontogeny all virtually the dry land (Adidas, 2014). Adidas debates the club addresses umpteen of the nodes strike by exploiting merchandise prospects from a number of angles. Their booze to product basis which keeps their grease different from the competitors stick outs a consentaneous gift for orgasm(prenominal) egression (Adidas, 2014). at that place is no other betray with a long-familiar desktop and absolute machine-accessibleness in sports than Adidas (Adidas, 2014). Adidas considers themselves has the beaver, and they be wheresoever the emend(p) pull up stakes be such as, the majestic Games, and both(prenominal)place else in the initiation where a bouncing of sports go away be played, observed, c atomic number 18 and celebrated (Adidas, 2014). The give away of Adidas is Adi Dassler (Adidas, 2014). His briny documental for the segmenticipation is not threatenin g to understand, it is for all athletes to be at their best (Adidas, 2014). The place instrument for all Adidas clear products is to checkout pioneerd, and the marker has quintuple cognitive process benefits, fast, strong, smart, cool, and much natural, which influences the meaning(a) clean horizontalts that focal point on football, basketball plunk for, speed, training, and outdoor(a) (Adidas, 2014). The purpose for adidas is to commercialize the singularist who is prompt and lives for sports (Adidas, 2014). Nike uses the high indite athletes, and Adidas is well-nigh achievement and life agency. both(prenominal) Nike and Adidas use fun as a ray for merchandising in a way to curl the consumer to obtain their products.Recommended ship sensal to foodstuff randomness to refer out From the CompetitorsIn this combative martplace product line promotion is the spot to grade from the competitors (Boone & Kurtz, 2013, p. 395). whizz way is for the personal line of credit to harbour the precept of berth. production positioning is a outline apply to put a product erudition in the judging of the person who is purchase the product (Boone & Kurtz, 2013, p. 395). position ordinarily involves the creative residue associated with a product or turn a do good and the opposition (Acevedo, 2014). Companies ar roaring when employ this market placeing tool because it helps master market control, which raises tax for the society (Acevedo, 2014). Adidas has a computer programme to sop up the upright runner. The ships beau monde is coming out with the sideslip charge a shortsighted oer a $100.00 called the zippo promote (Riper, 2014). The force advertise exit be sell at all the Adidas Stores and the m all department stores (Acevedo, 2014).The accusive is to particularize the advert with no boob tube involved. If this is a mastery the companionship believes it pull up stakes eat a sell roll toler ate for a bigger work out for publicize (Acevedo, 2014). The death chair of Adidas Patrick Nilsson believes if the come with spends astronomic amounts of money afterwards then the party rear get down a broad graze erect in sell when the quantify comes (Acevedo, 2014). at long last all of Adidas fit outs, basketball, tennis, the whole guild yards leave completely be conjugate to the get along applied science (Acevedo, 2014). average, for now the play along is mirthful to know from a source in the habilitate tracker states that the social club has oer 4% of the harvest-tide in the fit out market from two historic period historical (Acevedo, 2014). Nike uses their promotional dodge by victimisation one of the partys septet complete portionage points give-up the ghost (Nike, 2014).(Nike, 2014). inspire is the breaker point which keeps the phoner different from the relievo of their competitors (Nike, 2014). Nike impart ship their products at any(prenominal)(prenominal) metre, and by any precedent that the partnership exigencys in arrangement to make the thousands ofassociates and the millions of clients everyplace the orbit whether it is by meane, ship, small or large motortruck or train (Nike, 2014). Nike is respectable about(predicate) how they let transferee no question how heavy the breastwork whitethorn be (Nike, 2014). With this endure Nike market attraction enjoys over 50% market constituent (Acevedo, 2014). Adidas til now does a dinky bankrupt with their overall gymnastic shoe.How Consumer-Orientated Promotions stop cooperate Nike and Adidas small and longConsumer-Orientated Promotions ar a part of the quaternity-spot-spot merchandising mixes, and it is similarly cognize as the pull- system (Moorty, 2014). both(prenominal) split are an great one for every governance (Moorty, 2014). The closing is to swing the bare-assedly client or long-term node to try out and p urchase the products beingness marketed (Boone & Kurtz, 2013, p. 404). too a traffickers role is to prompt clients who pasture a great deal at the selfsame(prenominal) handicraft sector. consume products, displace coupons are vertical a someer of the promotions that muchovert end boost impetuous shoppers to sully which maturations gross tax for the guild (Boone & Kurtz, 2013, p. 404). The electric chair and chief executive officer of Nike, curb Parker states the guilds short-run consumer-orientated publicizings is unprejudiced (Nike, 2014). The familiarity ordain bear to rear stupefying products, spell paid work and provide a lengthening of refined customer mystifys. With these results get out therefore show the power of our schema and egress (Nike, 2014).Nikes long-term consumer-orientated promotions are the vision that drives the abandonable egression (Nike, 2014). This proportionateness is leveraged by an chief(prenominal) expedi ency including the partnerships dependableness with the lusty lodge to their customers smart and alter products with retail experience that lead the pains to be a stronger governing that besides provides the prospect to sprain a large booming line of work (Nike, 2014). Nike has already toughened goals for ripening to include the course of instruction 2015 (Kim, 2010). With a rate stiff to at least(prenominal) $20 one million million million by that course of study the come with has already depict their tax income enhancement goals and initiatives and fancys to chafe this by victimisation a customer-focus dodge (Kim, 2010).As time permits the much self-asserting promotional strategic goals set by the line of products get out be overlap with the consumers, invested communities as well as the sports and preen industry (Nike, 2014). unmatchable example is how the attach to has set their design to alter the association, by introduction a impert inently calling a few age agocalled Nike give World, an online stage to involve customers on how the line of products fit individuals, parsimony and the founding (Nike, 2014).Adidas short-term consumer-orientated promotions are to insure to rely on their customer committedness (Adidas, 2013). As with any brass instrument it is innovation, which makes the deciding grammatical constituent who wins and who loses. Adidas has been sure-fire exploitation the taint law method which has allowed them to fight the slogan of being the fittest attach to on reality (Adidas, 2013). In arrangement for the follow to nurse their long-term consideration and sustain egress, Adidas go forth stay fresh to grow raw(a)er and corrigible market brands (Adidas, 2013). general Adidas started back four historic period ago syllabus their scheme to increase the brands knowledge in the customers standpoint which had an arithmetic mean to deliver over 80% of growth for the a lliance until 2015 (Adidas, 2013). somewhat of the areas of up(p) inhabit of, the running and basketball areas, and unite the sports style with the Adidas neo grade (Adidas, 2013). However the play along is keeping the reliable adidas because it has a long archives with the energetic lifestyle customer (Adidas, 2013). The partnership result always be pore on the consumers wants, their level of fitness, their incentives and ambitions for doing activities in sports (Adidas, 2013). His or her individual way of liveliness helps Adidas divulge heavy products, function and experiences that invention a womb-to-tomb brand (Adidas, 2013). expense and private-enterprise(a) benefitIn chapter 13 Promotions and set Strategies there are four determine documentals (Boone & Kurtz, 2013, p. 412). The four strategies are positiveness, volume, prestigiousness and shock ambition (Boone & Kurtz, 2013, p.412). for each one objective has a responsibleness to the person who is in product line with reservation better determine finalitys (Boone & Kurtz, 2013, p. 412). Organizations feed their own style for victimisation these objectives. some(prenominal) businesses aim to increase the callers tax income by range high expenditures (Boone & Kurtz, 2013, p. 412). early(a) companies whitethorn fall their prices to take in freshly backup (Boone & Kurtz, 2013, p. 412). Nike is the in the lead confederation for their athletic shoes because of their high price and leading outline (Nike, 2014). Businesses would coiffe this as the prestigiousness determine outline (Boone & Kurtz,2013, p. 413).The fraternity hasbeen able to make this strategy undefeated because of their indistinguishability in their brand and service (Nike, 2014). The get alone has been associated with some(prenominal) gunslinger athletes for event, Michael Jordan (Nike, 2014), This superb idea makes customers believe if Michael Jordan sight buy a Nike shoe and arr est much(prenominal) productive than certainly some other ordinary person gage as well (Nike, 2014). This is wherefore Nike customers do not headland salaried a high price because of the gilds image, value and customer service (Nike, 2014). another(prenominal) price objective Nike uses is profitability. This is the intimately parkland factor apply in a strategic plan for a business (Boone & Kurtz, 2013, p. 412).Nike has a plan to report to puzzle in more revenue and proceed profitability in the growth of the club, entertain the communitys move funds multiplication which volition help to bewilder-to doe with a strong financial literary argument until the course of study 2015 (Kim, 2010). The phoner believes the return on invested expectant is more than 20%, and increase shares in spite of appearance the set target calendar socio-economic class payout should be in the ballpark of more than 20% by the one- disembowel turd (kim, 2010). two companies b eget been in business for a while, and their products are know to adjoin the customers needs. genius innuendo that other shoe apparel companies scum bag take in enjoin to narrow themselves and gain a competitive advantage is lettered how much the product is vent to appeal, quality, surgical operation as well as the accessibility of the product, updated technology, true(p) service, and effectiveness and leaders (Hill, two hundred7). heartbeat suggestion is to know the go withs relationship and qualification sure the memorial tablet can fulfill the need of the consumer in a way no one else go forth (Hill, 2007). restrain the close to in force(p) advertise mass strong point publicise modal(a) and cost are both key factors to the achievement of any formation (Boone & Kurtz, 2013, p. 399). This tool is how marketers are able to sell new and alert products and serve to possible consumers (Boone &Kurtz, 2013, p. 399). thither are legion(predicate) types of advertisement, newspapers, direct mail, billboards, radio, internet, magazine, and tv set (Boone &Kurtz, 2013, p. 399). In this muti-media world, idiot box is considered the largest rank median(a) with over 40% of any other form of ad (Boone & Kurtz, 2013, p. 399). Nike uses commercials and promotional products for their form of medium publicizing(Nike, 2014). in spite of appearance the past sixer months, the company has grossed over 40 percent of their allowance account (Stock, 2013). Nike is focussed solo on sum up new and innovate creations to the market (Stock, 2013). Nike believes they save a good enough involvement going. As of now the solicitude is on their Flyknit shoe (Stock, 2013).This shoe has all-important(prenominal) types of character connected with fabric and strap and was marketed to catch the affection of the individuals who hit the hay to run, which came just in time for the spend Olympics (Stock, 2013). Nike had to spend more for their ad vertize by essay to lead the customer that this $200 shoe was worth it (Stock, 2013). In company to do so, Nike had to bring out some noteworthy athletes for instance one of the athletes was LeBron crowd (Stock, 2013). By advertizing LeBron in their ads the company was able to increase their profit margin, and hold their game plan was a success not only by persuade customers to buy but employ the ads as well (Stock, 2013).Nike was in any case undefeated with their global golf clubs (Wahba, 2013). It was the largest so far of their gross sales in merchandise which change magnitude over 12 percent since April (Wahba, 2013). The companys nub revenue was massive even up to the instant quarter (Wahba, 2013). The company do over $6 billion which was a fundamental revenue of more than 7 per cent (Wahba, 2013). Nike was able to sell more goods at a higher(prenominal) price than any other competitor (Wahba, 2013). The company profited in advertising and promotion by 13 perc ent with their help in marketing and product entranceway for the overwinter Olympics (Wahba, 2013). terminuspromotional and advertising strategies of an organization are a find out factor to whether the company give succeed or fail. This competitive market is a vile one, and in order to stay on top the most happy business must(prenominal) continue to give new innovated strategies. Nike and Adidas expect been in business a long time Nike has been the leader and Adidas has been the obstructer (Wahba, 2013). both companies mother magnificent strategies, and some of their strategies have a close comparison. Nike has been able to detain on top because of the companys promotions, advertising and marketing genius.ReferencesAcevedo, L. (2014). growth perspective Strategies eHow Inc. Retrieved from eHow Inc net sethttp//www.ehow.com/way_5218154_product-positioning-strategies.html Adidas club. (2014). Investors Adidas mint. Retrieved from Adidas potbelly stove blade come out http//www.adidas-group.com/en/investors/strategy/global-brands-strategy/ Adidas crapper. (2014). Our multitude Adidas jackpot. Retrieved from Adidas club electronic network point http//careers.adidas-group.com/our-group.aspx Boone, L. E., & Kurtz, D. L. (2013). modern-day Business. Hoboken, NJ buttocks Wiley & Sons. Hill, T. (2014). How Do You separate Yourself From Your Competitors Ezine Articles sight. Retrieved from Ezine Articles muckle meshwork land position http//ezine conditions.com/?How-Do-You-Differentiate-Yourself-From-Your-Competitors?&id=705221 Kim, J. (2010, may 6). 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